After a lot of anticipation and excitement, the photovoltaics-powered Solar Impulse HB-SIA airplane has finally arrived at the NASA Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley's Moffett Field to prepare for a test flight across the United States beginning in May.After being offloaded in several pieces from its Boeing 747-100 transporter, the Swiss-made HB-SIA will be reassembled in a Moffett Field hanger, than it will embark on a series of test flights around the San Francisco Bay Area before its cross-country flight to its New York destination. That flight is scheduled to begin on May 1st, weather permitting, and to include several stops in Phoenix and Dallas, plus Atlanta, Nashville, and St. Louis, depending upon weather conditions.
The delicate airplane will then fly on to Washington D.C. and finally settle down at New York City's Kennedy Airport in early July.
As to when each of those seven to ten-day stopovers will occur, it's hard to tell for now. "The exact dates are of course undefined as every leg is dependent on local meteorological conditions," the Solar Impulse team says on its website.
"For those of you who don't live in the United States or near the cities on our itinerary, don't despair," they add, "because as usual, all the legs – from San Francisco to New York City – will be filmed and streamed LIVE on our website with the hottest news posted on Twitter."
And when we say enormous size, we're referring to its wingspan of 208 feet. In comparison, a Boeing 747-100 has a wingspan of 196 feet and a 747-400 has a wingspan of 211.4 feet.
The smaller of those two jumbos, by the way, has a maximum takeoff weight of 735,000 pounds – that'd be equal to over 200 HB-SIAs.
Another rather notable contrast between those two jumbo jets and the HB-SIA is their carrying capacity. When set up for two levels of service, the 747-100 can carry 496 passengers and the 747-400, 524. The hopefully transcontinental Solar Impulse aircraft carries but one: pilot and Solar Impulse cofounder Andre Borschberg.
That solo operation, in fact, is one of the main reasons that the longest flight that the HB-SIA has achieved lasted 26 hours and 10 minutes. "What is most incredible is that this revolutionary aircraft could practically fly perpetually into infinity if it weren't for the human side of the pilots," the team writes.
"So how do we make humankind perpetual? Well, I think that's another story." The ability to fly "perpetually into infinity" and beyond is due to both the HB-SIA's propulsion system and its style of flight. Its electrical power comes from 11,628 exceptionally thin (135-145 microns) SunPower Maxeon solar cells, 10,748 on top of the wing and 880 on the rear horizontal stabilizer.
Those cells feed power into 400 kilograms (less than 880 pounds) of lithium polymer batteries – about one-fourth of the HB-SIA's total weight.
Battery performance being a function of temperature, those batteries are heavily insulated to allow them to function at the -40°C temperatures at the craft's maximum cruising altitude of 27,900 feet.
Before takeoff, the batteries are charged by the solar cells to a minimum of 50 percent capacity "for pilot safety." The HB-SIA then fires up its four 10-horsepower brushless and sensorless electric motors, which each spin a twin-bladed, 11.5-foot propeller up to 400 RPMs for takeoff – which occurs when the HB-SIA reaches a leisurely 27 mph.
When the sun goes down, the pilot throttles back the motors and starts a slow descent down to a nighttime altitude of around 3,280 to 4,920 feet. And when we say slow, we mean slow: the descent is at about 0.4 meters per second, meaning that the craft can glide for around four to five hours using almost no battery power.
When it reaches that low altitude – what the Solar Impulse team calls its "loitering point" – the engines are switched back on using battery power, and the craft creeps along at a steady 29 mph until the sun has risen far enough to get the solar cells sufficiently awake to begin the up-down cycle again.
At these blinding speeds, you can better imagine why the HB-SIA's cross-country flight, if it begins on schedule, won't be completed until early July.
As mentioned above, those up-down cycles could continue indefinitely – and that's one of the design goals of Solar Impulse's next craft, the not terribly imaginatively named HB-SIB.
That solar aircraft is being designed to achieve Solar Impulse's long-term goal-- a flight around the world powered by sunlight alone. The HB-SIB is still under development, with test flights scheduled for 2014 and an attempt at a global circumnavigation hoped for between April and July 2015, with individual legs lasting between four and six days each.
The HB-SIB will have more-efficient solar cells and batteries, its electronics will be rainproofed, and its construction will include, Solar Impulse promises, "carbon fibers that are lighter in weight than any previously seen."
Also importantly, that tired pilot will be looked after as well: the cockpit will include a reclining seat that will presumably offer a chance to relax while the HB-SIB takes over cruising duties.


